OER Knowledge CloudJournal ArticleCOER GroupZawacki-Richter, OlafConrad, DianneBozkurt, ArasAydin, Cengiz HakanBedenlier, SvenjaJung, InsungStöter, JoachimVeletsianos, GeorgeBlaschke, Lisa MarieBond, MelissaBroens, AndreaBruhn, ElisaDolch, CarinaKalz, MarcoKerres, MichaelKondakei, YasarMarin, VictoriaMayrberger, KerstinMüskens, WolfgangNaidu, SomQayyum, AdnanRoberts, JenniferSangrà, AlbertLoglo, Frank SenyoSlagter van Tryon, Patricia J.Xiao, JunhongThis paper explores elements of open education within the context of higher education. After an introduction to the origins of open education and its theoretical foundations, the topics of open and distance learning, international education issues in open education, open educational practices and scholarship, open educational resources, MOOCs, prior learning accreditation and recognition, and learner characteristics are considered, following the framework of macro, meso, and micro levels of research in open and distance learning. Implications for future research at the macro, meso, and micro levels are then provided.20202020/09EnglishInternational Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning213319-334Germany10.19173/irrodl.v21i3.46591492-3831yesopen educationopen learningdistance educationflexible learningonline learningopen educational resourcesinternationalization4659-Article Text-33616-1-10-20200911.pdfGermany, Europe